Chapter 19

How California got its owners

Summary

An intercalary chapter giving the history behind California's hostility. Americans took the land from the Mexicans by hunger and force; their descendants lost the hunger, reckoned crops in dollars, and the farms passed to whoever was the better shopkeeper. Farming became industry, worked by imported labour and owned by men who had never seen their land. Then three hundred thousand dusted-out families arrive and are hated by owners, storekeepers and labourers alike. They settle in the Hooverville on the edge of every town, and a man who clears a secret patch is run off, because a crop raised makes ownership and a man will fight for land he has eaten from. Health-department raids burn the camps at half an hour's notice. The great owners spend on arms and spies while ignoring the facts of history: hungry people take what they need, and repression only knits the repressed together.

Plates

Illustration style

The Americans take the grant
00 The Americans take the grant
The squatters become owners
01 The squatters become owners
The farmer who was not a good shopkeeper
02 The farmer who was not a good shopkeeper
Farming becomes industry
03 Farming becomes industry
The dispossessed come over the mountains
04 The dispossessed come over the mountains
The guarded oranges and the fallow field
05 The guarded oranges and the fallow field
Hooverville on the edge of every town
06 Hooverville on the edge of every town
The secret garden and the deputy
07 The secret garden and the deputy
Half an hour, then we burn the camp
08 Half an hour, then we burn the camp
The little heap of silver
09 The little heap of silver
The Americans take the grant
00 The Americans take the grant
The squatters become owners
01 The squatters become owners
The farmer who was not a good shopkeeper
02 The farmer who was not a good shopkeeper
Farming becomes industry
03 Farming becomes industry
The dispossessed come over the mountains
04 The dispossessed come over the mountains
The guarded oranges and the fallow field
05 The guarded oranges and the fallow field
Hooverville on the edge of every town
06 Hooverville on the edge of every town
The secret garden and the deputy
07 The secret garden and the deputy
Half an hour, then we burn the camp
08 Half an hour, then we burn the camp
The little heap of silver
09 The little heap of silver

Composition

Written: 17 August 1938 Journal entries: #53 Dating: from DeMott's editorial markers in Working Days

From the journal

17 August 1938, Wednesday, 10:20 — Entry #53

Early to work this morning and this is a general chapter [Ed.—Chapter 19], which—although they are highly charged—are nevertheless the repository of all the external information and material. In a way they are easier to write and in a way harder. But yesterday I got into the swing of doing my daily stint again. The hammering next door nearly drives […]


Source: Working Days: The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath, 1938–1941, ed. Robert DeMott (Viking, 1989).